Modified Marine Radar

Radar Technology

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U.S.
Geological Survey

U.S.
Fish & Wildlife Service

The University of Southern Mississippi

Where online versions are available, the link is provided on the title.

X-band marine radar with standard open array antenna in rotation. Observers with binoculars attempt to verify targets detected by radar in this interface between grassland, mesquite bosque, and riparian habitats southeast of Tucson, Arizona in April 2007.

Bertram, D.F., L. Cowen, and A.E. Burger. 1999. Use of radar for monitoring colonial burrow-nesting seabirds. Journal of Field Ornithology 70: 145-157.

Blokpoel, H., and J. Burton. 1975. Weather and the height of nocturnal migration in east-central Alberta: a radar study. Bird-Banding 46: 311-328.

Bruderer, B., and F. Liechti. 1998. Flight behaviour of nocturnally migrating birds in coastal areas—crossing or coasting. Journal of Avian Biology 29: 499-510.

Burger, A.E. 1997. Behavior and numbers of marbled murrelets measured with radar. Journal of Field Ornithology 68: 208-223.

Cooper, B.A. 1995. Use of radar for wind power-related avian research. Pp. 58-73 in Proceedings of National Avian–Wind Power Planning Meeting II. Avian Subcommittee of the National Wind Power Planning Committee, Palm Springs, CA.

Cooper, B.A. 1995. The altitude of bird migration in east-central Alaska: a radar and visual study. Journal of Field Ornithology 66: 590-608.

Cooper, B.A., and R.J. Blaha. 2002. Comparisons of radar and audio-visual counts of marbled murrelets during inland forest surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30: 1182-1194.

Cooper, B.A., R.H. Day, R.J. Ritchie, and C.L. Cranor. 1991. An improved marine radar system for studies of bird migration. Journal of Field Ornithology 62: 367-377.

Cooper, B.A., M.G. Raphael, and E.E. Mack. 2001. Radar-based monitoring of marbled murrelets. Condor 103: 219-229.

Gauthreaux, Jr., S.A. 1985. Radar, electro-optical, and visual methods of studying bird flight near transmission lines. Final Report for Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI EA-4120.

Gauthreaux, Jr., S.A. 1985. An avian migration mobile research laboratory: hawk migration studies. Pp. 339-346 in Proceedings of Hawk Migration Conference IV. Hawk Migration Association of North America, Rochester, NY.

Gauthreaux, Jr., S.A. 1991. The flight behavior of migrating birds in changing wind fields: radar and visual analyses. American Zoologist 3: 187-204.

Hamer, T.E., B.A. Cooper, and C.J. Ralph. 1995. Use of radar to study the movements of marbled murrelets at inland sites. Northwestern Naturalist 76: 73-78.

Harmata, A.R., G.R. Leighty, and E.L. O’Neil. 2003. A vehicle-mounted radar for dual purpose monitoring of birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 882-886.

Harmata, A.R., K.M. Podruzny, J.R. Zelenak, and M.L. Morrison. 1999. Using marine surveillance radar to study bird movements and impact assessment. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 44-52.

Kelly, T.A. 2000. Radar, remote sensing and risk management. Pp. 152-161 in Proceedings of National Avian–Wind Power Planning Meeting III. RESOLVE, Inc., Washington, D.C.

Kelly, T.A. 2005. Managing birdstrike risk with information technologies: a review of the state-of-the-art in 2005. Proceedings of the USA-Canada Birdstrike Committee meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Kerlinger, P., and S.A. Gauthreaux, Jr. 1985. Seasonal timing, geographic distribution, and flight behavior of Broad-winged Hawks during spring migration in south Texas: a radar and visual study. Auk 102: 735-743.

Kerlinger, P., and S.A. Gauthreaux, Jr. 1985. Flight behavior of raptors during spring migration in south Texas studied with radar and visual observation. Journal of Field Ornithology 56: 294-402.

Korschgen, C.E., W.L. Green, W.L. Flock, and E.A. Hibbard. 1984. Use of radar with a stationary antenna to estimate birds in a low-level flight corridor. Journal of Field Ornithology 55: 369-375.

Kruse, K. 1996. A study of the effects of transmission towers on migrating birds. M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI.

Mabee, T.J., and B.A. Cooper. 2004. Nocturnal bird migration in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. Northwest Naturalist 85: 39-47.

Nohara, T.J., P. Weber, A. Premji, C. Kranor, S.A. Gauthreaux, Jr., M. Brand, and G. Key. 2005. Affordable avian radar surveillance systems for natural resource management and BASH applications. Pp. 10-15 in Radar Conference Proceedings, IEEE 2005 International, Arlington, VA.

Williams, T.C., and Y. Mao. 1990. A comparison of radar observations of bird migration in Haizhou Bay, China, and Guam, Marianas. Auk 107: 404-406.

Williams, T.C., J.E. Marsden, T.L. Lloyd-Evans, V. Krauthamer, and H. Krauthamer. 1981. Spring migration studied by mist netting, ceilometer, and radar. Journal of Field Ornithology 52: 177-180.

Williams, T.C., and J.M. Williams. 1988. Radar and visual observations of autumnal (southward) shorebird migration on Guam. Auk 105: 460-466.

Williams, T.C., J.M. Williams, P.G. Williams, and P. Stokstad. 2001. Bird migration through a mountain pass studied with high resolution radar, ceilometers, and census. Auk 118: 389-403.

Zakrajsek, E.J. and J.A. Bissonette. 2001. Nocturnal bird-avoidance modeling with a mobile-marine radar. Proceedings of the U.s/Canada Bird Strike Committee. 3rd Joint Annual Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.